Data units · 3 min read
Bytes to Bits: the method, worked through
A byte conventionally contains eight bits in modern computing.
30 illustrated guides
Field manual
Work through the formula, compare a few scenarios and know where the model stops.
Data units · 3 min read
Understanding bits to bytes
Dividing a bit count by eight produces a byte-equivalent quantity.
Data units · 3 min read
Decimal GB to GiB: from inputs to a useful answer
Decimal gigabytes and binary gibibytes use different unit sizes.
Data units · 3 min read
A practical guide to gib to decimal gb
A binary capacity can be expressed in decimal units without changing the underlying byte count.
Data units · 3 min read
How mb to mib works
Decimal and binary megabyte-scale units differ by their base.
Data units · 3 min read
MiB to MB: the method, worked through
A mebibyte contains exactly one million forty-eight thousand five hundred seventy-six bytes.
Network · 3 min read
Understanding mbps to mb per second
A network rate in bits converts to a byte throughput ceiling by dividing by eight.
Network · 3 min read
MB per Second to Mbps: from inputs to a useful answer
Multiplying byte throughput by eight gives the corresponding bit rate.
Network · 3 min read
A practical guide to download time
A fixed effective bit rate converts a file size into an ideal transfer time.
Network · 3 min read
How upload time works
Upload duration depends on the upstream rate, which may differ from download speed.
Network · 3 min read
Transfer Size in Time: the method, worked through
An average data rate accumulated over time gives a transfer volume.
Network · 3 min read
Understanding effective throughput
Observed throughput compares completed payload bytes with wall-clock duration.
Network · 3 min read
Protocol Overhead Share: from inputs to a useful answer
Protocol overhead occupies part of the transmitted byte budget.
Network · 3 min read
A practical guide to payload efficiency
Payload efficiency reports the useful-data share of a packet or frame budget.
Network · 3 min read
How bandwidth-delay product works
The bandwidth-delay product estimates data in flight needed to fill a path over a round trip.
Network · 3 min read
Round-Trip Propagation Time: the method, worked through
A distance-based model gives a propagation-only round-trip lower bound.
Network · 3 min read
Understanding packet serialization time
Serialization time is how long a link needs to put a packet's bits onto the medium.
Network · 3 min read
Packet Rate: from inputs to a useful answer
Dividing a bit-rate budget by packet size estimates a maximum packet frequency.
Addressing · 3 min read
A practical guide to ipv4 address count
An IPv4 prefix leaves a fixed number of variable address bits.
Addressing · 3 min read
How conventional ipv4 host count works
Traditional subnet arithmetic reserves all-zero and all-one host values in prefixes up to slash thirty.
Addressing · 3 min read
Subnet Split Count: the method, worked through
Borrowing extra prefix bits splits an aligned parent block into equal smaller blocks.
Memory · 3 min read
Understanding raw rgb buffer size
A packed image buffer consumes storage for every channel of every pixel.
Memory · 3 min read
PCM Audio Buffer Size: from inputs to a useful answer
Uncompressed audio memory grows linearly with time, channels and sample resolution.
Memory · 3 min read
A practical guide to numeric array memory
A packed numeric array has a predictable payload size based on element width.
Memory · 3 min read
How rgba texture memory works
Eight-bit RGBA textures use four bytes per pixel before GPU-specific storage changes.
Memory · 3 min read
Full Mipmap Memory Estimate: the method, worked through
A long two-dimensional mip chain adds a geometric series of quarter-sized levels.
Storage · 3 min read
Understanding compression ratio
Compression ratio compares original size with the encoded size.
Storage · 3 min read
Compression Savings: from inputs to a useful answer
Savings expresses how much of the original byte count was removed.
Storage · 3 min read
A practical guide to replica storage budget
Full replicas multiply the stored dataset size by the number of complete copies.
Storage · 3 min read
How raid 0 nominal capacity works
Striping equally sized usable regions combines nominal drive capacity.
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